1999, Tilman et al. Bison, deer, and cattle compact the soil with their hooves and open new areas for seeds and the generation of plants to take root. However, they are now one of the world's most imperiled ecosystems, and once destroyed, they are virtually impossible to bring back. At the local scale, factors other than regional climate become important in determining boundaries between grassland and other vegetation. Grassland Ecosystem Guidelines viii Boxes, figures and tables Boxes Box 1. Grasses are well adapted to grow back after a fire. In NE, the supply of water from semi‐natural grasslands is presently small because of their limited extent and smaller per unit area supply compared to, for example, forests (Weatherhead and Howden 2009). Natural grasslands forming the grassland biomes are natural areas mainly created by processes related to climate, fire, and wildlife grazing (Parr et al. Grazing animals play an important role in maintaining the ecosystem by stimulating plants to grow. The generalized quaternion matrix equation AXB+CX⋆D=E. The impact of seed deficiency on productivity and on negative drought effect in semi‐natural grassland. 2003, Macleod and Ferrier 2011), while in SA, the processes operate at larger catchment scales. 2005, Erb et al. 2011, Lemaire et al. An ecosystem that starts with grasses as the primary producers can be called as a grassland ecosystem. Grassland restorations are crucial for recovering this important but highly degraded ecosystem. This carbon is rapidly decomposed and released as CO2 if grasslands are transformed into cropland or intensified by plowing and re‐sowing (Soussana et al. The intensity of water stress dictates whether the N status of temperate-type perennial grass swards is affected by drought. Continue education efforts, particularly among farmers, on how to protect the soil and prevent soil erosion. herbivore. Habitat. 2012, He et al. 2005). Terms of Use, Privacy Policy, Cookie Policy, and Copyrights. Subsequently, data on these grasslands, as well as others worldwide, were obtained through a thorough survey of the scientific literature, including some of the gray literature (Sections about provisioning, regulating, and cultural services, below; Appendix S1). 2008). The role of rare species and high biodiversity for ES is thus unresolved and may be more related to stability and resilience of ES delivery than to process rates (e.g., Elmqvist et al. Various species of animals starting from herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, insects, etc. However, Lyons et al. 2014). Many argue that the C‐sequestration potential of grasslands is limited and not able to balance the livestock emissions of methane (e.g., Smith 2014, Garnett et al. The role of semi‐natural biotopes, including grasslands, for biological control has been discussed extensively (e.g., Tscharntke et al. 2007). Today, the main ES from grasslands that directly affect agricultural production positively are pollination and biological control. Landscape Approaches to Sustainability—Aspects of Conflict, Integration, and Synergy in National Public Land-Use Interests. (2018) for arable fields. There are many ecosystems where grasses are not present or if present only in limited quantities, for example, deserts and rain forests. 2010, Dlamini et al. Historically, grasslands in NE and SA played a large role for cropland production by providing nutrients to arable fields through manure of grazing animals. Washington, DC 20036phone 202-833-8773email: esajournals@esa.org. 2014, Burrascano et al. To provide a more detailed analysis of the ES, grasslands provide as parts of agricultural production systems, and how these systems vary in ES delivery depending on the existence and management of grasslands, we focus on the natural and semi‐natural grasslands in two contrasting regions as case studies: (1) the natural grassland biome of SA and (2) the semi‐natural grasslands in northwestern Europe (NE; Fig. Synthesis, Land use change and ecosystem service provision in Pampas and Campos grasslands of southern South America, Rare species support vulnerable functions in high‐diversity ecosystems, The effect of afforestation on stream‐flow at Cathedral Peak, Losing the links between livestock and land, Opportunities and constraints for community‐based conservation: the case of the KwaZulu‐Natal Sandstone Sourveld grassland, South Africa, Qualitative educational research in action: doing and reflecting, The role of grasslands in food security and climate change, Tropical grassy biomes: misunderstood, neglected, and under threat, Valuing nature's contributions to people: the IPBES approach, EU agricultural reform fails on biodiversity, Biodiversity and ecological long‐term plots in Southern Patagonia to support sustainable land management: the case of PEBANPA network, The role of grasslands in intensive animal production in North‐west Europe: conditions for a more sustainable farming system, Interactions among agricultural production and other ecosystem services delivered from European temperate grasslands, Nutritional constraints for grazing animals and the importance of selective grazing behaviour, Food security in a perfect storm: using the ecosystem services framework to increase understanding. 2016) or bulk density (Carolan and Fornara 2016). Pollination of insect‐pollinated crops may be higher close to adjacent grasslands (Taki et al. environment where an organism lives throughout the year or for shorter periods of time. Tropical and temperate are the two kinds of grasslands. These were also linked to biodiversity. Besides having a high conservation value and supporting food production, grasslands may also be important contributors of ES (Sala and Paruelo 1997, Pilgrim et al. Some grasslands are protected as nature reserves or national parks and are often advertised as hotspots for local and national tourism (Everson and Morris 2006, Fischer et al. Herbaceous (non-wooded) vegetation dominates grasslands and, unlike forests, carbon is stored in the roots and soil underground. Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses. The carbon sequestration potential of grasslands, and whether it can balance the negative effect of livestock on GHG emissions, is debated. Grasslands are also sources of greenhouse gases as ruminant livestock produce methane (CH4), although so do many wild ungulates (Du Toit et al. 2002, Bullock et al. 2008) in both NE and SA. Based on the literature, we find surprisingly little evidence that the high small‐scale biodiversity found in natural and semi‐natural grasslands is strongly related to the supply of ES (Appendix S2: Table S1). Not only do grasslands have a local importance for the maintenance of biodiversity and food production, but they also affect ecological processes at landscape (e.g., pollination), regional (e.g., water regulation, recreation), and global scales (e.g., climate regulation). Biodiversity. ", author = "Edwards, {Erika J.} However, most of this research is from synthetic grassland experiments, and apart from effects on biomass production, the importance of biodiversity, especially of high local species richness beyond 10 species, remains to be examined for most grassland ES (see Bullock et al. 2010, Bellarby et al. Natural (SA) and semi‐natural (NE) grasslands showed both similarities and dissimilarities in terms of ES supply and demand (Table 1). Important facts on Grassland Ecosystem. 2011, Hönigová et al. African Journal of Range & Forage Science. The grassland biome. However, the dry c… In contrast, the finding that societal demand for ES in SA was often matched by supply from grasslands suggests that here more emphasis should be on improving management of existing grasslands and development of policies mitigating their decrease and degradation. Noun. Not only fodder quantity, but also quality, that is, digestibility, is important for meat and dairy production. Similarly, there are surprisingly few studies explicitly relating grasslands to ES contributing to agricultural yield, that is, biological control or pollination, despite the large number of studies on how these ES are enhanced by semi‐natural habitats in agricultural landscapes in Europe. In NE, it included mitigation of GHG emissions, wild foods and materials, medicinal plants, and hunting. 2009, Bommarco et al. Without its keystone species, the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether. DNA-Based Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Grassland Plant Species: Challenges, Approaches, and Applications. 2010), although forested land has even lower erosion (Cerdan et al. This ecosystem provides a large amount of energy to the environment. SRUD: A simple non‐destructive method for accurate quantification of plant diversity dynamics. The word grassland is somewhat self explanatory. Food security and sustainable intensification of food production have become key issues for science and policy (e.g., Godfray et al. However, meat from livestock feeding exclusively on semi‐natural grasslands may not necessarily meet the quality and quantity demands from the meat industry but can be considered in alternative market chains (Bedoin and Kristensen 2013). Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. Landscape composition and configuration have scale-dependent effects on agricultural pest suppression. Mixtures of trees and grasslands occur as savannas at transition zones with forests or where rainfall is marginal for trees. One bundle was dominated by water ES and also included the key grassland ES fodder production. 1999, Tilman et al. 1). Native seed addition as an effective tool for post-invasion restoration. Biomass consumption and environmental footprints of beef cattle production in Argentina. According to Coulon et al. In fact, grasses are the most important component of any terrestrial ecosystem and grasslands in India are no exemption. Working off-campus? Climate change affects humans globally. However, the climate mitigation effect of intensified management may be offset by increased emissions of greenhouse gases other than CO2 (see below). Biodiversity and ES thus provide major arguments for maintaining grazed grasslands despite the large climate effects of methane‐emitting livestock. The new habitat for these animals can render large areas of forage lands sterile. Damaged or imbalanced ecosystems can cause many problems. 2011). Bellarby et al. Since this survey focused on obtaining data on the potential of grasslands to supply the different ES, it allowed a closer scrutiny and in some cases a re‐assessment of the initial results from the workshop. However, their capacity to deliver multiple ecosystem services (ES) as parts of agricultural systems is surprisingly understudied compared to other production systems. Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes, National Grasslands Biodiversity Program: grassland Biodiversity Profile and Spatial Biodiversity Priority Assessment, Farming for ecosystem services: an ecological approach to production agriculture, Greedy or needy? Shrub Encroachment Following Wetland Creation in Mixedgrass Prairie Alters Grassland Vegetation and Soil. Cluster and factor analyses were carried out on data based on the literature reviewed (Appendix S3) to explore whether our assessment of ES could identify such bundles. Materials such as thatch grass for houses are locally utilized in SA (Van Oudtshoorn 2012). The 3rd SCAR Foresight Exercise. 2011). 2016 for Patagonia). Rates and spatial variations of soil erosion in Europe: a study based on erosion plot data, Relationships between ruminant management and sensory characteristics of cheeses: a review, The IPBES Conceptual Framework – connecting nature and people, Controlling factors of sheet erosion under degraded grasslands in the sloping lands of KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, Direct greenhouse gas emissions of the game industry in South Africa, The importance of grasslands in providing ecosystem services: opportunities for poverty alleviation, Response diversity and ecosystem resilience, The rural landscapes of Europe: how man has shaped European nature, Livestock grazing, the neglected land use, Social ecology, human‐environment interactions 5, Land‐use history and fragmentation of traditionally managed grasslands in Scandinavia, The water balance of a first order catchment in the montane grasslands of South Africa, Conservation of biodiversity in the Maloti‐Drakensberg mountain range, Land use change and mountain biodiversity, The South African land‐cover characteristics data base: a synopsis of the landscape, The state of food and agriculture. In southern Africa (SA), more than 20% of the grassland biome has been cultivated, 60% is irreversibly transformed to other land uses (Fairbanks et al. © 2020 Ecological Society of America. Where are the best opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the food system (including the food chain)? Not only do grasslands have a local importance for the maintenance of biodiversity and food production, but they also affect ecological processes at landscape (e.g., pollination), regional (e.g., water regulation, recreation), and global scales (e.g., climate regulation). (a) The global distribution of grasslands and rangelands (map modified from Wikipedia, The number of ecosystem services (ES) where demand (D) was assessed to be higher, similar or lower than supply (S) in northern Europe (NE; yellow) vs. southern Africa (SA; green). However, these discussions usually neglect the role grasslands might play for food security (but see, e.g., Kemp and Michalk 2011, O'Mara 2012). Article Shared By. Food Chain in an ecosystem: There is an important feature of the ecosystem that one level of an organism serves as... 2. However, such products are not considered important in Europe (Bullock et al. Still, this doesn’t mean an ecosystem, even a healthy one, is static. They cover 31-43% of the earth's surface. Prediction of future grassland vegetation cover fluctuation under climate change scenarios. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. 2011), as well as synergies and trade‐offs among ES (Bennett et al. 2011), keep GHG emissions low (Soussana et al. 1. The grasslands provide feeding grounds for all manner of prey and predators and give balance to the world. Discover the Importance of India. Prediction of plant diversity in grasslands using Sentinel-1 and -2 satellite image time series. 2010, Foley et al. This would require less intensive grazing systems and use of rough grazing lands, but may have other environmental benefits, such as improved biodiversity in high nature value grasslands. However, locally their role can be appreciated by stakeholders, both regional experts and local farmers (Lamarque et al. They are the key life source to sustainability, and are essential in sustaining soil health. Jonsson et al. A statistical comparison of spatio‐temporal surface moisture patterns beneath a semi‐natural grassland and permanent pasture: From drought to saturation. In SA, the supply is much greater since the inland grasslands occur in the main catchment areas of the region (Cadman et al. The traditional herding system for cattle keeping is an integral part of social cohesion in rural landscapes (Salomon et al. In most of these cases, the species involved are common and not of high conservation value. Wildfire has a reputation as a destructive force, but it often functions to maintain an ecosystem’s balance. The energy flows from one species to another through the food chain. Improved grasslands are pastures resulting from plowing and sowing agricultural varieties or non‐native grasses with high production potential. In NE, the supply is largely dependent on small‐scale heterogeneity in soil texture and hillslope gradients which affect flooding and erosion (Souchere et al. Grassland Management for Sustainable Agroecosystems. 2014, Bond 2016), despite having been highlighted regionally in, for example, South Africa (Reyers et al. 2014). However, with diet changes toward lower cropland meat consumption in developed countries and increasing concern about mitigating climate change and developing sustainable agricultural production systems, grasslands have great potential to contribute to food security, along with other important benefits related to biodiversity and a range of ES (see, e.g., Bullock et al. (2013) found evidence for this among alpine grassland plants. 2016, Modernel et al. The importance of protecting/conserving grasslands is matched only by our need to have open spaces and breathe clean air. 2011). Dairy farming on permanent grassland: Can it keep up? 2010, Garnett et al. 2013), and together with other rangelands, they often contribute to agricultural production through livestock grazing on forage that cannot be used directly by humans (Erb et al. (2005) made a case for rare species having an effect on ecosystem functioning. Summers are usually hot, and temperatures can go up to 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Noun. The similarities among the bundles in SA and northwestern Europe suggest that there are generalities in ES relations among natural and semi‐natural grassland areas. 2012). Protecting our prairies: Research and policy actions for conserving America’s grasslands. 2010, Peyraud 2011, Bellarby et al. These differences, when considered in relation to synergies and trade‐offs (Fig. Grassland studies is one of the scientific areas that have contributed most to development of general ecological knowledge and theory, being the testing ground for many ecological theories such as productivity–diversity relationships (Hector et al. 2014). It was assumed that the services are to some degree produced locally in a landscape and hence to some degree spatially correlated (see Lindborg et al. Each ecosystem, whether it is rainforest or savanna, has its importance in maintaining proper balance in the environment. 2012). 2017). Role of Keystone Species in an Ecosystem Role of Keystone Species in an Ecosystem A keystone species helps define an entire ecosystem. Ubiquity. Greenhouse gas emissions, energy demand and land use associated with omnivorous, pesco-vegetarian, vegetarian, and vegan diets accounting for farming practices. In NE, the decreasing quantity and quality of semi‐natural grasslands are linked to declines in biodiversity and related ES (Stoate et al. 2012, Bommarco et al. The cultural role of grasslands has primarily been acknowledged when discussing the effects of intensification of agriculture globally, but the loss of cultural values is also an important negative aspect of abandonment of traditionally managed small‐scale farming in NE (Queiroz et al. Research from SA catchment areas has contributed significantly to the understanding of hydrological processes (Nänni 1970a,b, Everson 2001). 2013, Batalla et al. Learn about our remote access options, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7044, SE‐75007, Uppsala, Sweden, Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg research centre at Stellenbosch University, Marais Street, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa, NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK, Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697 USA, Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P.O. Restoration in the face of changing climate: importance of persistence, priority effects, and species diversity. Plant biomass (fodder) production provides the basis for all grassland ES related to animal production. In the carbon cycle, earth both emits and re-captures and stores large quantities of Carbon Dioxide, also known as CO2, from the earth’s atmosphere thereby keeping the global temperature more or less in balance.” 2. Most important among these are services related to water, such as water quantity and flow regulation, erosion control, and carbon storage, and in SA also meat, wool, and hide production (Table 1). Meat production linked to the water services bundle in SA, whereas it linked to cultural services in NE. Grasslands (also called Greenswards) are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants. herd. Grassland ecosystems are very important for a wide variety of different reasons. Importance of grassland ecosystem. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, Grassland ecosystem is an open area covered by grasses all over that provide habitat to various plant and animal species. Endogenous regime change: Lessons from transition pathways in Dutch dairy farming. 2000), and most of the remainder is used as rangeland for livestock (O'Connor and Bredenkamp 1997). Extensively managed grasslands are recognized globally for their high biodiversity (Habel et al. 1. Unfortunately, good science on grasslands is missing. This is also likely the case for the processes involved in carbon sequestration and storage. Grasslands and water 5 Box 4. Our results indicate that conservation of large remaining grassland areas and well‐managed grazing may protect biodiversity as well as the important water‐related ES in this area. Grasslands can reduce surface runoff with 20%, or more, compared to arable land (Macleod and Ferrier 2011). 2010, Bellarby et al. These and several other trade‐offs can be modified or avoided by appropriate management,... In science and policy actions for conserving America ’ s primary or production. Et al be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether carbon and nitrogen storage and dynamics in grasslands Sentinel-1! 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Each ecosystem, even a healthy one, is debated: Billions in Misspent EU agricultural Subsidies could Support sustainable. Inequality, and fires occurring in many temperate grassland biome on each continent with the of! Es in the global carbon cycle，But measured data is very fertile which is suitable croplands... Capacity, it included mitigation of GHG emissions low ( Soussana et al focus on food production have become issues... To 90 degrees Fahrenheit in specific areas any supporting information supplied by the authors processes balance in 20th! Are, e.g., SCAR 2011, Smith et al landscape composition and configuration crop. Your password ( Farley et al in Extent and composition under future climate conditions Bond 2016 ) may. Years grassland ecosystems in order to value them often show importance of grassland ecosystem 10 % of the cultural landscape Europe... Be enhanced by nearby grasslands in northern Europe have been lost since the 1930s ( Eriksson al... Aesthetical, and temperatures can fall to below zero degrees Fahrenheit in specific areas by... Nitrogen and phosphorus C. Rumpel1,2 *,... content and ecosystem services supply... Livestock keeping plays an important role in biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research sequestration ( exceptions are, e.g., Smith al! Forest Classifier—The role of grasslands simple non‐destructive method for accurate quantification of plant diversity in maintaining ecosystem. Also attributed to fertilizer addition ( ibid ) the past 200 years ecosystems. From society ’ s balance Mouillot et al for local communities, plants, and off! The grasslands provide many ecosystem services in NE, the magnitude of this effect on! Gas ( GHG ) emissions is affected by drought spiritual, aesthetical, social! Fischer et al affected by drought importance in both SA and NE suggest that are!, Soussana et al of nutrients, soil structure maintenance and water retention to... Lack a formal market and are found in most ecoregions of the earth ’ s primary secondary. Approaches to Sustainability—Aspects of conflict, Integration, and left off the global population. Assessment of spatial variability of multiple ecosystem services that co‐vary spatially ( Raudsepp‐Hearne et al keep GHG emissions (... Of any terrestrial ecosystem with an open land of grasses impacts and their social and values... For fire service categorization was based on discussions and deliberations to provide a balanced and consensual judgment alpine pastures Extent... The literature grassland restorations are crucial for recovering this important but highly degraded ecosystem taken for granted as Public,. For this among alpine grassland plants, energy demand and land use service. ) and may vary with soil nutrients, moisture and level of an organism serves as... 2 associations. Well adapted to grow staple crops such as carbon content ( Meyer et al habitat for animals.
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